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Study test for unit B, chapter 2 test [|practice test for unit b, chapter 2]


 * Physiological Adaptations of Plants that reduce water loss.**
 * Fewer stomata, the pores in the epidermis or skin of the leaf on the leaf can reduce water loss
 * In hot dry climates many plants open their stomata only in the cool of the evening.
 * Small leaves (totora, lavender) have a reduced surface area to enable plants to conserve water, as do feathery, filigree leaves (romneya, eschscholzia or Californian poppy).Many xerophytic plants such as pine and heather, have small, needle shaped leaves which are often circular in cross section. This reduces the surface area and hence the evaporating surface.
 * Needle-like foliage (grasses, pine trees) has a very small surface area that looses very little water. Some of these plants can roll their leaves inwards, further reducing surface areas and water loss.
 * Leafless plants, such as brooms, have lost their leaves altogether with stems undertaking essential photosynthesis and food production.
 * Grey or light coloured foliage reflects light, reducing heat and thus water loss from transpiration
 * Thicker cuticles, the outer waxy coating on leaves, slows transpiration; many coastal plants have a thick glossy coating on the leaves, reducing water loss and also protecting from salt-burn.(think shiny leaf hedges and //Eucalyptus//). Found in many evergreen leaves, the cuticle cuts down water loss in two ways: it acts as a barrier to evaporation and also the shiny surface reflects heat and so lowers temperature.
 * Silver hairs coating leaves reflect light and help to lower temperatures inside the leaf, as well as reducing the effect of drying winds.
 * Thick fleshy leaves can store water; many succulents have thick leaves that, when bruised or broken, contain a great deal of moisture.
 * Sunken stomata - stomata may be sunk in pits in the epidermis; moist air trapped here lengthens the diffusion pathway and reduces evaporation rate.
 * Leaf rolled with stomata inside - this adaptation is found in Marram grass (//Ammophila//). As can be seen from the image left, the inner surface is covered in hairs. The rolled leaf and hairs both serve to trap moist air so reducing transpiration. In addition, a smaller surface area of leaf is exposed to the drying effects of the wind.

**Physical & Behavioral Adaptations of Animals** All animals live in habitats. Habitats provide food, water, and shelter, which animals need to survive, but there is more to survival than just the habitat. Animals also depend on their physical features to help them obtain food, keep safe, build homes, withstand weather, and attract mates. These physical features are called physical adaptations. Physical adaptations do not develop during an animal's life but over many generations. The shape of a bird's beak, the numbers of fingers, the color of the fur, the thickness or thinness of the fur, the shape of the nose or ears are all examples of physical adaptations that help different animals to survive. I. __**Physical Adaptations**__ **-** body adaptations that help animals survive in their environment. II. __**Behavioral Adaptations**__ – are ways an animal responds to its environment in order to survive. > - Arctic Tern, Canadian Geese, Salmon, Monarch Butterfly, etc. > Run from danger- deer > Puffing up - fish > Bristling - porcupine > Do they live/run in herds > - Zebras blend > - Wolves to hunt > - Baboons surround to protect mothers /young
 * 1) __**Camouflage**__- patterns, coverings, markings that help an animals survive
 * 2) __**Mimicry**__- occurs when an animal looks like or acts like another animal in order to avoid being eaten or to protect itself from predators.
 * 3) __**Coverings**__- feathers, fur, and scales that cover animals and serve a purpose in survival possibly for protection, keeping warm, staying cool, or blending in.
 * 4) __**Body Parts**__ - parts that help animal survive: teeth, beaks, eyebrows, nose, eyes, gills, feet, humps, bristles, etc.
 * 1) __**Hibernation**__– a deep winter sleep in which body activities slow down and the animals lives off stored food.
 * 2) __**Migration**__ – a long distance journey for food, water, temperature/weather, etc.
 * 1) __**Instinct**__– the natural behaviors that an animal is born with. Keep in mind that these are not learned behaviors, but natural behaviors that animals need to survive.
 * 2) __**Learned Behaviors**__- behaviors that animals need to be taught - pets or young animals such as bears are taught by their parents to survive.
 * 3) __**Gathering & Storing food**__– squirrels, bears
 * 4) __**Finding shelter/Build homes**__- nests, dams
 * 5) __**Defend Itself**__

= Adaptations for Obtaining Food, Protection, Locomotion. =

Definitions:
adaptations - are features organisms have to enable them to survive (and reproduce). Some protective adaptations are
 * behavioral adaptations - how they act in response to things (what does a cat do when threatened)
 * structural adaptions - how their body parts function (what body parts can a cat use to fend off an enemy?)
 * locomotion - ability to move from place to place.
 * mimicry - is the ability to appear to be or to imitate something other than what you really are
 * warning coloration - color and patterns that make organisms more noticable or stand out to warn off others.
 * camouflage - colors and/or patterns that blend in with its surroundings in order to become less noticeable or hide.

Examples of Adaptations

 * Organism || Behavioral and/or Structural Adaptation for Obtaining Food ||
 * fox || Quiet and quick to catch prey. Sharp teeth (canines) are used for piercing and holding onto prey. Strong legs fast/quick for catching food. Camouflage coloration (arctic fox is white) for hiding from enemies or hunting prey. Arctic fox decreased basal metabolic //adaptation//to //food// scarcity in winter. ||
 * moose || Long legs which are suited for ploughing through deep snow, walking over bushes and logs, and wading through muskeg. Close off nostrils to feed underwater. Big muscular lips to pull up plants. Tilts head back to put antlers along back to aid in running through brush, trees. ||
 * robin || Finds worms by keen eyesight (not by hearing!), quick movemens to pounce on them and a beak to pull them up. Beak to crush seeds, small insects. Some store food for later. Some break food against ground, rocks. Parent regurgitates or bring food to young in nest. ||
 * eagle || Keen eyesight. High flight. Sharp claws (talons) and sharp hooked beak. ||
 * birch tree || Root system. Broad large leaves on high up branches to catch sunlight for photosynthesis. Vascular system to bring sap from root to leaf. ||
 * pitcher plant || Leaves form pitchers (water holding jugs) to drown and dissolve/digest insects for nutrients. Down pointing hairs inside to prevent insect escape. Color, smell to attract insects. (Grows in poor soils - simple roots!) ||
 * spider || Spin sticky web catch insects. Venom (bites) to paralize. Venom preserves/digests inside of prey, spider drink it out. Wrap and store insect. Move quickly. ||
 * bread mold || Floats in air (as a spore) until it lands on food. Secrete digestive enzymes (fluids) to dissolve food then absorbs the nutrient products. Grows through the food.(Can't make their own food- not plants so don't need light!) ||


 * Organism || Behavioral and/or Structural Adaptation for Protection ||
 * skunk || Spray foul smelling scent. Sharp claws. Warning coloration (black with contrasting white stripes).Hisses, stamps feet, raises tail to threaten. ||
 * moose || Stay quiet and still. Males can fight with antlers?(Drop off in winter) . Strong legs and sharp hooves to kick. Run fast. Keen sense of smell. Good hearing (ears swivel). Color may be camoflauge in woods. May charge and kick/trample enemy. ||
 * opossum || Plays dead. Grimaces. Clings to things. ||
 * rabbit || Seasonal color change for camoflage. ||
 * rosebush || Thorns. ||
 * cat || Hisses, spits. Arches back, puffs up fur, sticks tail up to look bigger (more threatening). Sharp claws, teeth. ||
 * turtle || Most can withdraw into shell. Sharp beak. Scales on legs. Hissing. Some squirt water, body wastes, emit foul smells. Snapping turtles lunge and bite. Some Bury eggs on beach. Hatchlings head immediately for sea. ||
 * birch tree || Drops leaves in winter to avoid snow loading and damage. Strong flexable wood/roots avoid wind damage. ||
 * fir tree || Needle leaves are sharp. Cone shape of tree and needle leaves don't hold snow or catch much wind. ||
 * seahorse || Looks (color and shape) like seagrass beds on reefs. (camouflauge and mimicry?) ||
 * vice-roy butterfly || Color and wing pattern makes it look like toxic monarch butterfly (mimicry) so birds won't try to eat it. ||


 * Organism || Behavioral and/or Structural Adaptation for Locomotion ||
 * moose || Long legs which are suited for ploughing through deep snow, walking over bushes and logs, and wading through water/bogs/marsh/swamp/muskeg. Tilts back head (bull) so rack or antlers lay flat on back when running through dense wood. Drops rack out of mating season. ||
 * codfish || Fins to swim. Sleek body shape. ||
 * duck || Strong wings to get into flight quickly. Webbed feet like paddles for water surface propulsion. ||
 * frog || Long strong legs to hop quickly and far. Web hands, feet for swimming. Body shaped for easy water movement. Slimey body to slip over rocks, etc.? ||
 * snake || Body bending/flexing in wave like motions (undulations) against ground friction. Some use scales like paddles on ground (straight line). ||
 * earthworm || Two sets of muscles that alternately expand and contract to fatten and shorten or to stretch and thin different sections of the body. Also tiny hairs like legs? ||
 * starfish || Tubefeet under each arm alternate stick and release. ||

Birds Feet Adaptation (p.227)
coot - lives in marshy areas foot padding serves to keep it from sinking into the soft ground. Claws for digging for food (roots, etc..) Can paddle in water. Long strong legs digging, wading in shallow water.

heron - long foot for balance, long legs for wading along rocky, sandy or muddy shorelines.

duck - webbed feet for propelling along water surface. Short legs, muscular for swimming.

ptarmigan - fur covered for winter warmth, helps widen foot for snowshoe effect. Clawed for digging.

eagle - strong leg foot for grasping prey. Talon (sharp claws) killing and grasping prey.Rough feet bottom to hold slippery fish prey.

sparrow - foot shaped to perch (grasp and hold a branch), talons to dig for insects.

pheasant - strong foot with extra talons for digging. bird lives on surface, foot is good for running.