Notes

Notes for class lessons


 * __Most singular nouns you just add (s) to make plural__**

Lamp, dog, flower, tree, pencil


 * __Words ending in s, sh, ch, x, and z add (es)__**

Switch, witch, moss, gas, bus, fox, box, class, pass, church, lunch


 * __Words ending in consonant and then (y), change to an (i) and add (es)__**

Summary, pony, story, berry, city, sky


 * __Words that end in a vowel and then a (y) just add (s)__**

Toy, day, turkey, essay, joy, play


 * __Words that end in (f) or (fe) (not verb, just the nound form) Add (s)__**

Belief, chief, roof, mischief,


 * __Some (f) (fe) ending words you add (v) and (es)__**

Life, wolf, self, wife, half


 * __Irregular__**

Man, mouse, tooth, child, goose


 * __(o) ending words are tricky: (s) or (es) or both:__**
 * __most nouns ending In (o) proceeded by consonant is formed by adding (es)__**

motto, potato, hero, volcano


 * __Most (o) preceded by vowel you add (s)__**

Folio, Cameo, studio, portfolio


 * __Some exceptions__**

Solo (s) / piano (s)


 * Some both**: mosquito, tornado


 * UNIT B, CHAPTER 1 STUDY QUESTIONS**

What materials do plants use in photosynthesis?

How do plants get the nitrogen they need?

How does nitrogen get into the soil?

How do animals get the nitrogen they need?

What are two forms of nitrogen?

How does carbon dioxide move from organisms back to the atmosphere?

How was dead organic material turned into coal and petroleum?

What has changed the carbon dioxide oxygen balance?

Name two places where carbon dioxide is stored?

Where do bacteria fix nitrogen gas?

How does the sun affect the water cycle?

What role does temperature play in condensation?

What are the main processes in the water cycle?

What is the process by which liquid water becomes water vapor?


 * Unit B, Chapter 1 Vocabulary words **


 * Nitrogen Cycle:** Where nitrogen gas is “fixed” into a form plants can use
 * Ammonia:** Liquid nitrogen
 * Nitrate:** Solid nitrogen
 * Combustion:** Burning (fire, factories)
 * Respiration:** The process of inhaling and exhaling
 * Decay:** The decomposition of organic matter. (dead plants, Animal tissue, waste)
 * Photosynthesis**: The process of plants making food: Using sun, water, and carbon dioxide. The byproduct is oxygen.
 * Carbon-Dioxide / Oxygen Cycle:** Plants and other producers use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis. They produce oxygen as a waste product. Carbon dioxide moves from the air into the leaves of plants. Oxygen moves from the plant into the air through the leaves.
 * Water Cycle:** Is the journey water takes as it circulates from the land to the sky and back again. The Sun’s heat provides energy to evaporate water from the Earth’s surface. Plants also loose water to the air through transpiration. The water vapor eventually condenses, forming tiny droplets in the clouds. When the clouds meet cool air over land, precipitation is triggered and water returns to land.


 * Evaporation:** The process where the heat of the Sun’s energy changes water on Earth’s surface into water vapor.
 * Condensation:** Where water vapor changes back into liquid droplets as air cools.
 * Precipitation:** Water that falls from clouds. Maybe liquid or frozen.
 * Transpiration:** Where plants release water through their stomata.


 * __ Lesson 1 __**
 * __ NATURAL RESOURCES __**

__Nonrenewable Resources__


 * Useful minerals and other materials that people take from the Earth are called __Natural Resources__.
 * A resource that cannot be replaced once it is used up is called a __Nonrenewable Resource__
 * Rocks: Granite, Limestone
 * Soil: Can be nonrenewable ( overusing / chemicals)
 * Fossil Fuels: oil, natural gas, coal
 * Gems: Emeralds, diamonds, ruby, topaz
 * Minerals: Lead, aluminum( bauxite), iron, copper, silver, and gold
 * Any rock containing large amounts of mineral is called a mineral deposit. They are formed in several ways.
 * 1) some minerals dissolve in hot water and flow through cracks in rocks. Some minerals fall out of solution and form deposits called **//__veins.__//**( gold, copper, and silver)
 * 2) Mineral deposits can also form in magma. As magma cools, heavy minerals sink, forming deposits rich in metals such as iron and nickel.


 * A __Renewable Resources__a resource that is replaced as it is used.
 * Forests are renewable ( people must be careful though)

A __Reusable Resource__ is a natural resource that can be used more than once. ( //inexhaustible resource)// Water and air are examples of reusable resources. ( still must be careful with these resources however) May become polluted.


 * __ Lesson 2 __**
 * __ HOW FOSSIL FUELS FORM __**

__ FOSSIL FUELS __

__Fossil fuels__ are called fossil fuels because they formed from the remains of once living organisms. ( they are non renewable)

Fossil fuel use are used a lot because they release large amounts of energy and because they are found in many places.

Fossil fuels are important resources for making other products.
 * Coa**l: is used to make steel
 * Petroleum**: is used for making many chemicals ( petrochemicals) medicines, makeup, paints, and plastics.

__ENERGY FROM THE SUN__

Burning fossil fuels releases energy from the sun. The energy was stored in the bodies of ancient organisms that were buried in sediments millions of years ago. So coal, natural gas, and petroleum are found in layers of sedimentary rock.

__Petroleum:__


 * 1) Is the world’s most widely used fossil fuel
 * 2) It produces a lot of heat when it is burned.
 * 3) Used mainly for transportation because it is easier to store and transport

Petroleum formed when microorganisms died and fell to the bottom of ancient seas. Heat and pressure caused the organic material to slowly turn into petroleum and natural gas.

__Natural Gas:__


 * 1) Is mostly a gas called methane
 * 2) Usually found with petroleum
 * 3) Mostly used for heating and cooking

__Coal:__


 * 1) is the most common fossil fuel
 * 2) Coal comes from plants that lived in swamps millions of years ago. As the plants died, they sank and were covered by sediment and slowly they changed into coal.


 * The U.S.has large amounts of coal and natural gas but must import its oil because it uses so much oil.


 * Electric energy stations use most of the coal mined in theU.S.to produce electricity. Our stations must find ways to control pollution.


 * The world is slowly running out of fossil fuels. Because of this, people are looking for ways to conserve or use alternative fuels ( wind, solar, and hydroelectric) (inexhaustible)

__ COAL FORMATION __

Coal forms through four stages. Each stage the carbon in it increases.

Stage 1: **__Peat__**: soft brown material made up of partly decayed plants that live in swamps.

Stage 2 **__Lignite:__** is a soft brown rock. It forms as layers of sand and mud cover peat. As the layers build up, the pressure and weight squeezes moisture our of peat turning it into a soft brown rock. ( millions of years)

Stage 3 **__Bitumen:__** is a fairly hard, dark brown or black rock. Millions of years of heat and weight of even more layers turn lignite into bitumen. ( most common form of coal)j

Stage 4 **__Anthracite:__** Is a hard black rock. Anthracite forms under great heat and pressure. It is almost pure carbon.

__ PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS __


 * Petroleum and natural gas are only found in sedimentary rock. 60% are in sandstone. The rest is in limestone and other porous rock.


 * Many petroleum and natural gas deposits are found under water and some deposits are under land where there were once shallow seas.


 * Once found through drilling, the petroleum has to be pumped but the natural gas comes up by itself.

__ CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCES __
 * __ LESSON 3 __**

__ Making choices __

The Earth’s human population is growing but the amounts of most natural resources are not. Thinking about the future demands for resources helps people plan ways to conserve them now. Conserving natural resources involves choices. Each decision has only a small effect on natural resources but the choices of many people over time have a big effect.

__Changing Behaviors__


 * The simplest way to conserve is to use fewer resources. ( non renewable)
 * To conserve renewable and reusable resources one must protect them from damage and overuse.
 * For reusable resources one must protect from pollution
 * Air/ Water / Garbage
 * For renewable resources one must protect from overuse.
 * Hunting / forests

__Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle__

People in the U.S.use more resources per person than most other people in the world.

Once way to conserve resources is to **__reduce__** the amounts that are used. Using less energy conserves fossil fuels, using less paper conserves forests, using fewer bottles conserves minerals.

Another way to conserve resources is to **__Reuse__** things. Paper or plastic grocery bags can be reused.

Many things that can’t be reused can be **__recycled.__** This is the process of taking back a resource to make a new product. ( paper, glass, aluminum, plastic, How does using less electricity save natural resources?
 * SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS**

How does recycling plastic conserve fossil fuesl?

What are some ways we can reduce our consumption of fossil fuels? Instead of using fossil fuels, what can we do instead? (specific examples)

What might happen to non renewable resources as the population increases? What might happen to reusable resources as the population increases? What might happen to renewable resources as the population increases?

Why has demand for natural resources increased over the years?

Why are large amounts of peat needed to form small amounts of anthracite?

Petroleum usually has to be pumped to the surface. Why does natural gas come to the surface on its own?

What may happen to our natural resources if the human population continues to increase?